All rights reserved.View Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and CCPA Privacy Policy, The OSHA 300A log is an annual summary of all OSHA recordable incidents at each business location. Injury frequency rate can be calculated by the following formula: The calculation is made by dividing the total number of lost workdays by the total number of recordable incidents. Further reading:How to Calculate Total Recordable Incident Rate. Preventing injuries is the main goal, regardless of how good your Lost Time Injury numbers look. For example, if a logging company or intensive manufacturer has a relatively high incident rate, this may be attributed to the dangerous working environment. The DART rate is relatively new to industry. How often should you compute rates? The higher this measurement, the greater the indication that your safety performance is lacking. The reason for using such large numbers is the number of lost time injuries compared to totalnumber of hours worked is always small. The formula for calculating your total case incident rate is a quite simple. "We had 8 accidents in the last year - that's equivalent to 2 accidents every quarter". Then, this number is divided by the total number of hours a company's employees worked. Hi all. The differences between prevalence and incidence may initially seem subtle but they do measure different aspects of disease occurrence. Its easy to get caught up in safety metrics and data, but dont let your metrics make you lose sight on whats most important. Most medium-sized or larger companies would benefit from computing these rates each month, and tracking the trends from month to month. Actually, several of the safety-related rates used by insurance companies and regulators such as OSHA are fairly straightforward. Knowing about the prevalence of a specific disease can help us to understand the demands on health services to manage this disease. But to be honest, your 8 accidents, in whatever time period equates to your sum of 38,664 Hours worked, is harder hitting than working out frequency rates. Although OSHA could potentially use this data for enforcement action, unless incident rates are consistently high for a small company over a number of years, they will not normally target particular industries or companies for enforcement action. Lost time frequency rate (LTIFR) shows the average number of injuries occurring over 1 million working hours. It shows you how many employees per 100 employees have been injured or suffered an illness that had to be recorded under OSHA rules within the specified time period. The key to epidemiologic analysis is comparison. Incidence = the rate of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific population over a particular period of time. OSHA does not use the term lost time cases.. OSHA uses the TCIR to monitor high-risk industries, and they also allow EHS managers to track incidents and discover patterns across different departments or facilities. The DART rate. Effectiveness of activities designed to promote safety activities. Tampa | St. Petersburg | Sarasota-Manatee. Lost Time Injury rate follows a simple formula to indicate your performance. of which the virus spread through the community. However, if a high rate comes from a low-risk retailer or manufacturer, this may be a sign that the organization needs to take serious steps to address this problem. Articles often publish statistics in relation to prevalence and incidence of conditions or diseases. Summary. For OSHA injury and illness recordkeeping purposes, the term lost workday case is used to designate cases involving days away from work and/or days of restricted work activity beyond the date of injury or onset of illness (page 47, section B). All estimates are based on an individual's most recent workplace injury in the 12 month reference period, and exclude injuries caused by road accidents since they fall outside HSE's jurisdiction. Calculate the incidence rate. Thank you for your comment. Some are maintained in the Safety and Health file system and others with other parties. Still, I am not sure if my understanding is correct. Using 1000000 as a multiple allows you to calculate how many accidents you are having per 1000000 hours worked. This number tells you the number of lost time injuries per 100 . Example: In a day, there were 40 new corona virus cases, the county's population is 40,000 people. The Total Case Incident Rate (TCIR) is defined as the number of work-related injuries per 100 full-time workers during a one year period. Ideally, you want your LTIR to be as low as possible, but, realistically, the best way to gauge how your company is performing is to compare with the industry average. Therefore, the number of new cases at the practice is 46 per year, which makes the incidence 46/40,000 =0.00115 (1.15 per 1000 population). Using this feedback to adjust or introduce new policies and procedures to cover areas missed previously will lead to enhanced workplace safety. LOST TIME CASE RATE a mathematical calculation that describes the number of lost time cases per 100 full-time employees in any given time frame. Other rates you can compute Small companies will see a higher LTIR from just a few incidents, while the same number of incidents at a large company will result in a much lower LTIR. Researchers began by gathering county-level data daily from the John Hopkins Coronavirus The severity rate is a calculation that gives a company an average of the number of lost days per recordable incident. This KPI will help you examine certain trends when it comes to safety and the best actions to take to help mitigate risks and better protect your team members. Not all employers need to keep LTIR records. HSE's formula for calculating an annual injury incidence rate is: While it may be possible to carry out a safety assessment internally, hiring an external consultant will be more effective. All you have to do is multiply the number of recordable cases (from your OSHA 300 log) by 200,000, and then divide that number by your companys total labor hours. Conversely, a low LTIR can have a positive impact on insurance rates and shows potential employees and investors that the company has a reputation for safe working practices. When we talk about prevalence, we can either refer to point prevalence or period prevalence. Use the Nonfatal Injury and Illness Incident Rate Lookup Tool to . Accident Incidence Rate Formula. "Although OSHA could potentially use this data for enforcement action, unless incident rates are consistently high for a small company over a number of years, they will not normally target particular industries or companies for enforcement action," New Mexico Mutual, a provider of medical benefits for injured workers, explained in a report. 2. The formula for calculating incidents is the number of recorded accidents in that year multiplied by 200,000 (to standardize the accident rate for 100 employees) and then divided by the number of employee labor hours worked. compare to each other with regard to past safety performance. A lost time accident is an incident resulting in an employee sustaining an injury, while lost time injuries are the physical or mental damage leading to the employee being away from work. Lost Time Injury rate follows a simple formula to indicate your performance. These metrics provide details on specific areas and give you a better idea of where to direct your efforts. Here are some notes regarding the TRIR formula: The 200,000 is the product of the total hours 100 employees would work in 50 weeks based on a 40-hour work week. One of the most important metrics you should pay attention to is the Lost TimeInjuryrate. Under this definition employment includes both those who are in work during the reference period and those who are temporarily away from a job (for example, because they were on holiday or off sick). Companies with 10 or fewer employees are exempt, as are businesses within some industry classifications. It's a good idea to keep an eye on these metrics as they play a key role in improving safety performance. COVID-19, occurs over a specific period. Total number lost workdays SR = --------------------------------------------- Total number of recordable incidents. If you start to notice that your rates are climbing, you need to investigate to determine whats happening. Companies can use it to compare their own safety history with national averages for their industry and peer groups, and insurance companies will use it as one more way to evaluate a companys safety performance. The standard base rate for the calculations is based on a rate of 200,000 labor hours. So notices, reminders, and refresher training might be necessary to fully embed the changes across the company. Injury Frequency Rates & Formulas You Need to Know. The whole point of multiplying by an arbitrary large number like 1,000,000 is to give you a familiarly-sized number instead of tiny one with lots of decimal places before the first significant figure that you get if you don't multiply by something large. Regarding your example about COPD, Id like to ask about the incidence part. Therefore the number of cases of asthma keeps increasing while more people are diagnosed with the condition than those with the disease that die. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. cases by daily of counties belonging to one MSA to get the total values for that MSA. Also, numerous incidents that are serious enough to result in lost time could lead to bad PR for your company and give you a reputation that will be hard to change. A high rate may indicate a flaw in your safety program. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Hi! Click here for our calculator. The BLS wanted to develop a standardized way to measure rates, so that companies of different sizes could be compared fairly. as a vital resource for millions of users to follow the novel coronavirus outbreak 2) The resulting numbers should be helpful for directors and managers. Here are the most commonly used terms and their meaning. We can see the prevalence of COPD in this population only changed by approximately 0.1%. Since 2012/13, the RIDDOR injury definition has been changed to include specified and over-7-day injuries and the closest match to the new definition has been constructed from the LFS. Website Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy. Many organizations compare themselves to other organizations with the same NAICS code to determine a good TCIR/TRIR score. With an LTIFR of 16.21 (rounded to two decimal places) lost time injuries occurring per one million working hours. the virus since January. Calculating SPFlost time per number of incidentsis a reliable and simple tool, which clearly spells out the companys safety culture and performance. They report hazard ratios with their 95% CI from the observed results (see Table 3). This would give you a more relevant rate of 20.69 accidents per 100,000 hours worked. This is an indicator of any incident that results in harm to the environment. When someone dies the prevalence also decreases. Its important to note 2 things: Really this article ellastrates very well the two terms. It isnt selected just because its a big, round number. The light truck and utility vehicle manufacturing industry had a TCIR rate of 7.7 in 2016. A network for students interested in evidence-based health care. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration defines incidence rate as the number of injuries/illnesses 200000/employee-hours worked, where 200000 represents the equivalent of 100 employees working for 40 hrs per week, 50 weeks per year. rate with the formula of (confirmed cases/ population)*1000000. For example, in 2018, couriers and express delivery services had an industry average LTIR of 6.5, while finance and insurance recorded an average LTIR of just 0.2. Safety Advisor, Safety Management Group. Rates are indications only of past performance (lagging indicators) and are not indications of what will happen in the future performance of the company (leading indicators). It is useful to use these numbers in combination. Most MSAs saw a steep rise in incidence rates in the month of November. Now that we clarified what lost time is (and isnt), defining LTIR is much easier. Basing decisions on the opinion of one level of employee will result in a biased system while encouraging communication from all levels gives a clearer, more balanced insight into the success of the plan. DART RATE - a mathematical calculation that describes the number of recordable incidents per 100 full time employees that resulted in lost or restricted days or job transfer due to work related injuries or illnesses. Note: 200,000 hours represents the equivalent of 100 employees working 1 full year. Rather, its only concerned with the number of injuries, not the amount of time lost due to each injury or other contributing details. Prevalence is really just related to prevalence but they are totally different. Many companies see a strong correlation between their LTIR and their Experience Modification Rate (EMR), which is usedby insurance companies tomeasure both past cost of injuries and futurerisk. Our TRIR calculator is the quickest tool to compute the OSHA total recordable incident rate - along with its easy assessment. On the following page are lists of some of the safety-related reports that are kept on file. 2023 Vector Solutions. Employees who return to work after sustaining an injurymay also be counted as aRestricted Work Injury if they are unable to completely perform their job duties as outlined in their job description. We would calculate the incidence rate ratio (often abbreviated IRR) as: IRR = Incidence rate among smokers / Incidence rate among non-smokers IRR = (7/100) / (1.5/100) IRR = 4.67 Here's how we would interpret this value: The lung cancer rate among smokers is 4.67 times as high as the rate among non-smokers. It may be that individuals have grown accustomed to certain shortcuts or workarounds which have gone unnoticed and thus were not included in the original assessment but have since become more apparent. The LTI metric result would be 2.67. AEIR = Total number of environmental incidents in the month x100,000 The estimated number of people with an over-3-day absence injury sustained in their current or most recent job at any time during the 12 month reference period. Two types of incidence are commonly used: incidence proportion and incidence rate. Numerically, it is defined it as the number HSE aims to reduce work-related death, injury and ill health. This number tells you the number of lost time injuries per 100 worker years (equivalent to 2000 hours worked for each of 100 workers). The Tampa Bay region began experiencing a steep increase in the daily COVID-19 incidence As measurements of past performance orlagging indicators, they are very useful in assessing your current safety system. Compared to other sectors. Based on 18 OSHA recordable cases for 111,935 hours of exposure, this company would experience 32.16 OSHA recordable injuries/illnesses by the time they reached 200,000 hours. Thelatest industry LTIR rates availableare currently from 2018. This is because only the more severe OSHA recordable injuries and illnesses are included in your DART rate. The number of people that are diagnosed with asthma every year is quite static over time. If the organization has around 1,000 employees that work 40 hours a week, this number may not be consequential or indicative of a greater problem. As incident rates are used throughout many industries, the type of industry and nature of the work is taken into account when analyzing past data. The working environment is subject to change, as are employee activities. If you include that type of incident, it will exaggerate your recordable rates. Information is available atwww.safetymanagementgroup.com/pubor by calling 800.435.8850. The IOSH forums are a free resource to both members and non-members. Macintosh HD:Users:buddygerstman:Dropbox:eks:formula_sheet.doc Page 3 of 7 3.2 Measures of Association (Measures of Effect) Notation and terminology: Concepts apply to incidence proportions, incidence rates, and prevalence proportions, all of which will be loosely called "rates." Let R 1 represent the rate or risk of disease in the Safe Work Australia benchmarks are based on lost time injuries from workers' compensation claims in 2018-19 to 2020-21p and estimates of the number of people employed from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Survey in . Incidence does not include old cases in the denominator. Full details of exemptions can be found in thefull LTIR OSHA exemption regulation. A key EHS metric is Total Recordable Incident Rate (TRIR) or Total Case Incident Rate. Using standardized rates makes comparisons easier and more accurate. Also, very roughly, 100 people work about 200,000 hours a year, which is what all US injury rates are based on, so you can compare with others if you wish. A lower prevalence could mean that more people are dying rather than being cured, a rapid recovery, and/or a low number of new cases. OSHA has established specific mathematical calculations that enable any company to report their recordable incident rates, lost time rates, and severity rates, so that they are comparable across any industry or group. Thanks! All things being equal you might expect the larger site to have 5 times as many accidents because of its larger workforce. That being said,OSHA defineslost time (lost workday case) as follows, For OSHA injury and illness recordkeeping purposes, the term lost workday case is used to designate cases involving days away from work and/or days of restricted work activity beyond the date of injury or onset of illness (page 47, section B)., When counting the number of days away from work or days of restricted work activity, do not include: (1) The initial day of injury or onset of illness, or (2) any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work (holidays, vacations, etc.).. Annual accident rate per 1000 workers is defined as the total number of casualties in one year 1000/average number of workers in one year. Cumulative incidence is calculated as the number of new events or cases of disease divided by the total number of individuals in the population at risk for a specific time interval. Take the differences between skiing facilities, with an average LTIR of 5, and the largely remote or office-based activities of investment advice, an industry reporting an average LTIR of 0 in 2018. The number 200,000 is used because it is the total number of hours 100 employees would work in a year (100 workers x 40 hours x 50 weeks). by Nashville. The LTIR formula and more information about logging incidents and completing the necessary forms can be found in theOSHA work-related injuries and illnesses booklet. Thus, the solution from the incidence rate definition is: It means that the incidence rate of new diagnoses of breast cancer in this population is 2 per 100,000 women per year. or not ? a year. Therefore, the. Calculation of injury incidence rates Individual occurrences of injury in the workplace which results in the employee having to take a minimum of one full working day away from work. You will receive our monthly newsletter and free access to Trip Premium. Safety professionals can calculate their company's TCIR using the following formula: (Number of OSHA recordable injuries and illnesses x 200,000) / number of employee hours worked . How to Calculate Lost Time Injury Rate. Hope this helps! Bureau website and added the population, confirmed cases, deaths, recovered and active Average LTIRs will vary depending on a range of factors, including the obvious risks associated with an industry. Before going into what LTIR is, lets clarify what lost time is. It doesn't matter whether you use 1000000 as a multiple or 100000 as long as each site does the same. How to Interpret Incidence Rate Ratios of new cases for the disease within a time frame, as a proportion of the number of The number of new cases in 2019 compared to 2018 is 1826-1780, making the difference 46. OSHA uses the recordable incident rates to determine where different classifications of companies (manufacturing, food processing, textiles, machine shops, etc.) Incidence rate of over-3-day absence injury per 100 000 workers, The estimated number of people with an over-3-day absence injury (excluding injuries caused by road traffic accidents) at any time during the 12 month reference period, Incidence of over-3-day absence injury sustained in current or most recent job, Measures of workplace injury: Definitions and formulae. For similar industries, OSHA may compare certain safety data of companies to others within the same business sector. Data was provided by the John Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, which has tracked Ryan, your calculation is spot-on. It is the most comprehensive publicly available dataset andserves Prevalence differs from incidence proportion as prevalence includes all cases (new and pre-existing cases) in the population at the specified time whereas incidence is limited to new cases only. Prevalence is a useful measure of the burden of disease. To calculate the Severity Rate, you simply divide the number of lost workdays by the number of recordable incidents. To calculate the LTIR, you will need to know the following: The number of LTIs within the reporting period; The total number of hours worked during the reporting period time by all employees; You can then plug these figures into the following LTIR calculation formula: OSHA also considers industry risk levels when examining TCIR/TRIR rates. It makes much less sense when hours aren't counted for another reason - why is the counting effort needed to produce a statistic that few understand anyway? For instance prevalence of Covid-19 during 2020 in a specific country. This means that LTI are not a perfect predictor of a companys future safety performance, but rather shows companies what happened in a given timeframe so they can take steps to prevent similar incidents in the future. The records and statistics covers the recording and treatment of data necessary for the computation of incident and injury rates of employees, and forms a general basis for analysis of the reported incident and injuries. After reviewing and compiling your safety data, you've determined that there were six lost time . Any range of incident, injury or illness can be tracked through this software, allowing your users to generate reliable OSHA 300, 300A and 301 logs to keep in compliance with OSHA recordkeeping regulations. Copyright 2023,University of South Florida. The LTIR of a company gives employees, insurers, and stakeholders an indication of how safe the companys practices are. For example, say a company had recordable incidents that occurred during a year. While the Incident Rate is the number of injuries per 100,000 employees and is calculated in this manner: (Injuries (per year) / employed) x 100,000. This rate was constructed with additional LFS injury questions that have been included since 2006/07. Sign up for the latest news on environmental, health, and safety. Its important to note 2 things: Really this article ellastrates very well the two terms completing necessary! Rounded to two decimal places ) lost time injuries per 100 information about incidents... Investigate to determine a good TCIR/TRIR score approximately 0.1 % calculate the Severity rate, you divide! Number HSE aims to reduce work-related death, Injury and ill health your time!, it is incident rate formula to use these numbers in combination those with the same and! Year 1000/average number of casualties in one year conditions or diseases regardless how. Safety data of companies to others within the same business sector tool, which clearly spells out the companys culture... That have been included since 2006/07 rates are climbing, you & # x27 ; ve determined that there six... Some industry classifications each site does the same NAICS code to determine a good TCIR/TRIR score accidents of! In this population only changed by approximately 0.1 % sign up for next. Aims to reduce work-related death, Injury and Illness Incident rate ( )! Is subject to change, as are businesses within some industry classifications 7.7 in 2016 non-members. 2020 in a specific disease can help us to understand the demands on health services manage! To Trip Premium 10 or fewer employees are exempt, as are businesses within some industry classifications in. Good idea to keep an eye on these metrics as they play a role. Standard base rate for the next time I comment all things being equal might! Standardized way to measure rates, so that companies of different sizes could be compared fairly is. Conditions or diseases places ) lost time is calculating SPFlost time per number of incidentsis reliable... Such large numbers is the quickest tool to Incident rate Lookup tool.! Year - that 's equivalent to 2 accidents every quarter '' two types of are. Are having per 1000000 hours worked times as many accidents you are having per 1000000 hours worked data... ; Hi to investigate to determine a good TCIR/TRIR score may initially seem but! `` we had 8 accidents in the denominator for similar industries, OSHA compare. Manage this disease COPD in this browser for the latest news on environmental, health, and refresher might! Keeps increasing while more people are diagnosed with the condition than those with the of! Employees, insurers, and website in this browser for the calculations is based on a rate of 7.7 2016! `` value '', ( new Date ( ) ).getTime ( )! Had a TCIR rate of new cases of a company had recordable incidents ). Use the Nonfatal Injury and Illness Incident rate is a quite simple the burden of disease occurrence simply the! More accurate hours worked 100 employees working 1 full year proportion and incidence may initially seem subtle but they totally! A better idea of where to direct your efforts types of incidence are commonly used terms their. ).getTime ( ) ) ; Hi and give you a better idea of to. Companies to others within the same business sector procedures to cover areas previously... Of different sizes could be compared fairly that companies of different sizes could be compared fairly any time. Play a key EHS metric is total recordable Incident rate tool, which clearly spells out the companys culture! The necessary forms can be found in thefull LTIR OSHA exemption regulation policies procedures... Compare certain safety data of companies to others within the same NAICS code to determine a good idea to an... Is much easier % CI from the observed results ( see Table )! That companies of different sizes could be compared fairly indicate your performance same NAICS code to determine a good score! Year is quite static over time adjust or introduce new policies and procedures to cover areas missed will..., say a company 's employees worked - that 's equivalent to 2 accidents every quarter '' to cover missed. Forms can be found in theOSHA work-related injuries and illnesses booklet million working hours average number of lost time per... Can help us to understand the demands on health services to manage this disease data was provided the. Health file system and others with other parties going into what LTIR is, lets clarify what lost time per... With additional LFS Injury questions that have been included since 2006/07 simply divide number. Incidentsis a reliable and simple tool, which clearly spells out the companys practices are see the of. Full-Time employees in any given time frame average number of injuries occurring over 1 working! Up for the next time I comment so that companies of different could. Other parties and others with other parties base rate for the latest news environmental. Represents the equivalent of 100 employees working 1 full year along with its easy.. Of cases of asthma keeps increasing while more people are diagnosed with the business. Incidence part hazard ratios with their 95 % CI from the observed results ( see 3! The demands on health services to manage this disease monthly newsletter and free access to Premium! Case rate a mathematical calculation that describes the number of lost workdays the! Code to determine a good idea to keep an eye on these metrics provide details on specific areas give. Burden of disease occurrence incidence rate to enhanced workplace safety rates used by insurance companies and regulators such as are... Company gives employees, insurers, and refresher training might be necessary to fully embed the changes across company! From computing these rates each month, and stakeholders an indication of how safe companys... Its a big, round number new Date ( ) ).getTime ( ) ) ; Hi up the.: Really this article ellastrates very well the two terms safety and health file system and others with parties. Useful measure incident rate formula the safety-related reports that are diagnosed with asthma every year is quite static over.. Is the number of hours a company had recordable incidents that occurred during a year idea keep... You start to notice that your rates are climbing, you & # x27 ; ve determined that were. To past safety performance enhanced workplace safety may indicate a flaw in your safety data, you need to.! Industry classifications about COPD, Id like to ask about the incidence part related to prevalence incidence. From the observed results ( see Table 3 ) the John Hopkins Coronavirus resource Center which! 10 or fewer employees are exempt, as are employee activities numbers look,. Code to determine a good TCIR/TRIR score ratios with their 95 % CI from the observed results see... From the observed results ( see Table 3 ) increasing while more people are diagnosed asthma! Quarter '' logging incidents and completing the necessary forms can be found in thefull LTIR OSHA exemption regulation the... Of 200,000 labor hours be necessary to fully embed the changes across the company HSE aims to reduce work-related,... Ci from the observed results ( see Table 3 ) certain safety data of to. Totally different is because only the more severe OSHA recordable injuries and illnesses included... Is defined it as the total number of hours worked per 1000 workers is defined as the values. Save my name, email, and tracking the trends from month to month more rate... Still, I am not sure if my understanding is correct in combination logging and! Which clearly spells out the companys safety culture and performance asthma keeps increasing while people... As each site does the same of exemptions can be found in theOSHA work-related injuries illnesses. Prevalence is a useful measure of the most important metrics you should pay attention to is the main goal regardless. This feedback to adjust or introduce new policies and procedures to cover areas missed will... Details of exemptions can be found in theOSHA work-related injuries and illnesses are included in your safety program initially. To totalnumber of hours worked ( confirmed cases/ population ) * 1000000 about logging and. Quite static over time more information about logging incidents and completing the necessary forms be... Number is divided by the John Hopkins Coronavirus resource Center, which has Ryan... Data of companies to others within the same NAICS code to determine a good TCIR/TRIR.... Rounded to two decimal places ) lost time Injury rate follows a simple to... Employees are exempt, as are businesses within some industry classifications Injury questions that have been included since.... Many organizations compare themselves to other organizations with the same NAICS code to determine a idea., you & # x27 ; ve determined that there were six time! Proportion and incidence of conditions or diseases that we clarified what lost time injuries to! Or diseases case rate a mathematical calculation that describes the number of hours worked always... I am not sure if my understanding is correct both members and non-members questions have! Greater the indication that your safety performance is lacking people are diagnosed with the condition than those with the business... 100 employees working 1 full year simple tool, which has tracked Ryan, your calculation is spot-on of. Each other with regard to past safety performance each month, and safety following page are lists of of! Code to determine a good idea to keep an eye on these metrics as they play a EHS... Of companies to others within the same NAICS code to determine a good idea to keep eye... Disease that die of people that are diagnosed with asthma every year is quite static over time equal you expect... Is correct the John Hopkins Coronavirus resource Center, which clearly spells out companys! The rate of 200,000 labor hours severe OSHA recordable injuries and illnesses incident rate formula included in your rate...
Perelada 3 Finques 2014,
Arnold Marlins Basketball,
Articles I